Becoming a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) represents one of the most prestigious achievements in the accounting profession. With median salaries exceeding $79,000 and strong job growth projected through 2033, the CPA designation opens doors to leadership roles, higher earnings, and diverse career opportunities across public accounting, corporate finance, and government sectors.
This comprehensive guide walks you through every step of becoming a CPA, from meeting educational requirements to passing the rigorous CPA exam and maintaining your license. Whether you’re a current accounting student, career changer, or professional seeking advancement, you’ll find the detailed roadmap and insider insights needed to navigate your CPA journey successfully.
CPA Requirements Overview
The path to becoming a CPA involves meeting specific requirements that vary by state but generally include four key components:
Each state board of accountancy sets its own specific requirements, making it crucial to verify the exact criteria for your jurisdiction. The American Institute of CPAs (AICPA) and National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) provide authoritative guidance on these requirements.
Pro Tip: Start planning your CPA journey during your undergraduate studies. Many students complete their 150-hour requirement through an integrated five-year program or by adding a master’s degree.
Educational Requirements
The 150-Hour Rule
Most states require 150 semester hours of college education to obtain CPA licensure, though some allow you to sit for the exam with 120 hours. This typically translates to:
- Bachelor’s degree (120 hours) + an additional 30 hours
- Bachelor’s degree + Master’s degree
- Integrated 5-year accounting program
Required Coursework
Your educational program must include specific accounting and business courses:
Finding the right accounting degree program that meets your state’s requirements is crucial. Look for programs specifically designed to prepare students for the CPA exam and licensure.
Work Experience Requirements
Professional experience requirements ensure CPAs have practical knowledge beyond academic preparation. Requirements typically include:
Duration and Type
- Length: 1-2 years of relevant experience
- Supervision: Must work under a licensed CPA
- Timing: Can be completed before, during, or after passing the CPA exam
Qualifying Experience Categories
Important: Document your experience carefully. You’ll need detailed descriptions of your duties and verification from your supervising CPA when applying for licensure.
The CPA Exam
The Uniform CPA Examination tests candidates’ knowledge and skills across four sections. As of 2024, the exam has been restructured to reflect the evolving profession:
Core Exam Sections (Required for All)
Discipline Section (Choose One)
- BAR (Business Analysis and Reporting): Financial statement analysis, technical accounting
- ISC (Information Systems and Controls): IT risks, SOC engagements
- TCP (Tax Compliance and Planning): Advanced tax planning and compliance
Exam Strategy and Preparation
Success on the CPA exam requires strategic planning:
- Study Timeline: Plan 300-400 hours of study time total
- Section Order: Consider taking FAR first (most content-heavy)
- Review Courses: Invest in quality CPA review materials
- Practice Questions: Complete thousands of MCQs and simulations
Pass rates typically range from 45-60% per section, emphasizing the importance of thorough preparation.
State Licensing Process
After meeting education, experience, and exam requirements, the final step is obtaining your CPA license:
Application Process
- Submit Application: Complete your state board’s licensing application
- Provide Documentation: Transcripts, exam scores, experience verification
- Ethics Exam: Pass your state’s professional ethics exam
- Background Check: Complete criminal background screening
- Pay Fees: Submit licensing and registration fees
Maintaining Your License
Career Paths & Specializations
The CPA credential opens diverse career opportunities across industries:
Traditional Career Paths
Specialized CPA Roles
- Forensic Accounting: Investigate financial crimes and fraud
- International Tax: Navigate global tax regulations
- Valuation Services: Business appraisals and fair value assessments
- IT Audit: Technology controls and cybersecurity
- Sustainability Reporting: ESG compliance and reporting
CPA Salary Information
CPAs consistently earn premium salaries compared to non-certified accountants. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the investment in CPA certification yields significant returns:
Salary Factors
- Location: Metropolitan areas offer 15-30% higher salaries
- Industry: Finance and insurance pay the highest premiums
- Firm Size: Big 4 firms offer competitive starting salaries
- Specialization: Tax and forensic specialists command premiums
View detailed accountant salary data by state for location-specific information.
May 2024 Bureau of Labor Statistics salary data for Accountants and Auditors reflect state and national data, not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed June 2025.
Your CPA Journey Timeline
Planning your path to CPA licensure requires understanding the typical timeline:
Remember: You can often overlap phases. Many candidates gain experience while studying for the exam or complete additional education while working.
Technology Skills for Modern CPAs
Today’s CPAs must master technology alongside traditional accounting skills:
Essential Technical Competencies
Staying Current
- Pursue technology-focused CPE courses
- Join professional technology committees
- Obtain complementary certifications (CISA, CMA)
- Participate in firm innovation initiatives
Investment & ROI
Understanding the financial investment required helps in planning:
Typical Costs
Return on Investment
- Salary Premium: CPAs earn 10-15% more than non-CPAs
- Career Advancement: Required for senior positions
- Job Security: Higher demand and stability
- Entrepreneurial Options: Ability to start own practice
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I become a CPA without an accounting degree?
Yes, but you’ll need to complete the required accounting and business coursework through additional classes or a post-baccalaureate program. Many universities offer certificate programs designed for career changers.
How long do I have to pass all four CPA exam sections?
Most states give you 18 months from passing your first section to pass the remaining three sections. If you don’t complete all sections within this window, your earliest passed section expires.
Can I get licensed in one state and practice in another?
Yes, through reciprocity or mobility provisions. Most states allow CPAs licensed in other states to practice or obtain a reciprocal license, though specific requirements vary.
Is the CPA license worth it if I don’t plan to work in public accounting?
Absolutely. The CPA credential is valued across all industries and is often required for senior financial positions in corporations, government, and nonprofits. It demonstrates expertise and commitment to the profession.
What’s the difference between being CPA eligible and CPA licensed?
CPA eligible means you’ve passed the exam but haven’t completed all requirements for licensure (usually missing experience or ethics exam). You cannot use the CPA designation until fully licensed.
How difficult is the CPA exam compared to college courses?
The CPA exam is significantly more challenging than typical college exams. It requires a comprehensive understanding across multiple topics and tests the application of knowledge, not just memorization.
Can I take the CPA exam while still in college?
Many states now allow students to sit for the CPA exam before graduation if they’ve completed a certain number of credits (typically 120). Check your state’s specific rules.
What happens if I fail a CPA exam section?
You can retake any failed section, though you must wait until the next testing window. There’s no limit on attempts, but you must pass all sections within the 18-month window.
